| CVE |
Vendors |
Products |
Updated |
CVSS v3.1 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: usb: smsc75xx: Fix uninit-value access in __smsc75xx_read_reg
syzbot reported the following uninit-value access issue:
=====================================================
BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in smsc75xx_wait_ready drivers/net/usb/smsc75xx.c:975 [inline]
BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in smsc75xx_bind+0x5c9/0x11e0 drivers/net/usb/smsc75xx.c:1482
CPU: 0 PID: 8696 Comm: kworker/0:3 Not tainted 5.8.0-rc5-syzkaller #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 01/01/2011
Workqueue: usb_hub_wq hub_event
Call Trace:
__dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:77 [inline]
dump_stack+0x21c/0x280 lib/dump_stack.c:118
kmsan_report+0xf7/0x1e0 mm/kmsan/kmsan_report.c:121
__msan_warning+0x58/0xa0 mm/kmsan/kmsan_instr.c:215
smsc75xx_wait_ready drivers/net/usb/smsc75xx.c:975 [inline]
smsc75xx_bind+0x5c9/0x11e0 drivers/net/usb/smsc75xx.c:1482
usbnet_probe+0x1152/0x3f90 drivers/net/usb/usbnet.c:1737
usb_probe_interface+0xece/0x1550 drivers/usb/core/driver.c:374
really_probe+0xf20/0x20b0 drivers/base/dd.c:529
driver_probe_device+0x293/0x390 drivers/base/dd.c:701
__device_attach_driver+0x63f/0x830 drivers/base/dd.c:807
bus_for_each_drv+0x2ca/0x3f0 drivers/base/bus.c:431
__device_attach+0x4e2/0x7f0 drivers/base/dd.c:873
device_initial_probe+0x4a/0x60 drivers/base/dd.c:920
bus_probe_device+0x177/0x3d0 drivers/base/bus.c:491
device_add+0x3b0e/0x40d0 drivers/base/core.c:2680
usb_set_configuration+0x380f/0x3f10 drivers/usb/core/message.c:2032
usb_generic_driver_probe+0x138/0x300 drivers/usb/core/generic.c:241
usb_probe_device+0x311/0x490 drivers/usb/core/driver.c:272
really_probe+0xf20/0x20b0 drivers/base/dd.c:529
driver_probe_device+0x293/0x390 drivers/base/dd.c:701
__device_attach_driver+0x63f/0x830 drivers/base/dd.c:807
bus_for_each_drv+0x2ca/0x3f0 drivers/base/bus.c:431
__device_attach+0x4e2/0x7f0 drivers/base/dd.c:873
device_initial_probe+0x4a/0x60 drivers/base/dd.c:920
bus_probe_device+0x177/0x3d0 drivers/base/bus.c:491
device_add+0x3b0e/0x40d0 drivers/base/core.c:2680
usb_new_device+0x1bd4/0x2a30 drivers/usb/core/hub.c:2554
hub_port_connect drivers/usb/core/hub.c:5208 [inline]
hub_port_connect_change drivers/usb/core/hub.c:5348 [inline]
port_event drivers/usb/core/hub.c:5494 [inline]
hub_event+0x5e7b/0x8a70 drivers/usb/core/hub.c:5576
process_one_work+0x1688/0x2140 kernel/workqueue.c:2269
worker_thread+0x10bc/0x2730 kernel/workqueue.c:2415
kthread+0x551/0x590 kernel/kthread.c:292
ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:293
Local variable ----buf.i87@smsc75xx_bind created at:
__smsc75xx_read_reg drivers/net/usb/smsc75xx.c:83 [inline]
smsc75xx_wait_ready drivers/net/usb/smsc75xx.c:968 [inline]
smsc75xx_bind+0x485/0x11e0 drivers/net/usb/smsc75xx.c:1482
__smsc75xx_read_reg drivers/net/usb/smsc75xx.c:83 [inline]
smsc75xx_wait_ready drivers/net/usb/smsc75xx.c:968 [inline]
smsc75xx_bind+0x485/0x11e0 drivers/net/usb/smsc75xx.c:1482
This issue is caused because usbnet_read_cmd() reads less bytes than requested
(zero byte in the reproducer). In this case, 'buf' is not properly filled.
This patch fixes the issue by returning -ENODATA if usbnet_read_cmd() reads
less bytes than requested. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
platform/x86: think-lmi: Fix reference leak
If a duplicate attribute is found using kset_find_obj(), a reference
to that attribute is returned which needs to be disposed accordingly
using kobject_put(). Move the setting name validation into a separate
function to allow for this change without having to duplicate the
cleanup code for this setting.
As a side note, a very similar bug was fixed in
commit 7295a996fdab ("platform/x86: dell-sysman: Fix reference leak"),
so it seems that the bug was copied from that driver.
Compile-tested only. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
Bluetooth: hci_codec: Fix leaking content of local_codecs
The following memory leak can be observed when the controller supports
codecs which are stored in local_codecs list but the elements are never
freed:
unreferenced object 0xffff88800221d840 (size 32):
comm "kworker/u3:0", pid 36, jiffies 4294898739 (age 127.060s)
hex dump (first 32 bytes):
f8 d3 02 03 80 88 ff ff 80 d8 21 02 80 88 ff ff ..........!.....
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
backtrace:
[<ffffffffb324f557>] __kmalloc+0x47/0x120
[<ffffffffb39ef37d>] hci_codec_list_add.isra.0+0x2d/0x160
[<ffffffffb39ef643>] hci_read_codec_capabilities+0x183/0x270
[<ffffffffb39ef9ab>] hci_read_supported_codecs+0x1bb/0x2d0
[<ffffffffb39f162e>] hci_read_local_codecs_sync+0x3e/0x60
[<ffffffffb39ff1b3>] hci_dev_open_sync+0x943/0x11e0
[<ffffffffb396d55d>] hci_power_on+0x10d/0x3f0
[<ffffffffb30c99b4>] process_one_work+0x404/0x800
[<ffffffffb30ca134>] worker_thread+0x374/0x670
[<ffffffffb30d9108>] kthread+0x188/0x1c0
[<ffffffffb304db6b>] ret_from_fork+0x2b/0x50
[<ffffffffb300206a>] ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dmaengine: fix NULL pointer in channel unregistration function
__dma_async_device_channel_register() can fail. In case of failure,
chan->local is freed (with free_percpu()), and chan->local is nullified.
When dma_async_device_unregister() is called (because of managed API or
intentionally by DMA controller driver), channels are unconditionally
unregistered, leading to this NULL pointer:
[ 1.318693] Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 00000000000000d0
[...]
[ 1.484499] Call trace:
[ 1.486930] device_del+0x40/0x394
[ 1.490314] device_unregister+0x20/0x7c
[ 1.494220] __dma_async_device_channel_unregister+0x68/0xc0
Look at dma_async_device_register() function error path, channel device
unregistration is done only if chan->local is not NULL.
Then add the same condition at the beginning of
__dma_async_device_channel_unregister() function, to avoid NULL pointer
issue whatever the API used to reach this function. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
mm/sparsemem: fix race in accessing memory_section->usage
The below race is observed on a PFN which falls into the device memory
region with the system memory configuration where PFN's are such that
[ZONE_NORMAL ZONE_DEVICE ZONE_NORMAL]. Since normal zone start and end
pfn contains the device memory PFN's as well, the compaction triggered
will try on the device memory PFN's too though they end up in NOP(because
pfn_to_online_page() returns NULL for ZONE_DEVICE memory sections). When
from other core, the section mappings are being removed for the
ZONE_DEVICE region, that the PFN in question belongs to, on which
compaction is currently being operated is resulting into the kernel crash
with CONFIG_SPASEMEM_VMEMAP enabled. The crash logs can be seen at [1].
compact_zone() memunmap_pages
------------- ---------------
__pageblock_pfn_to_page
......
(a)pfn_valid():
valid_section()//return true
(b)__remove_pages()->
sparse_remove_section()->
section_deactivate():
[Free the array ms->usage and set
ms->usage = NULL]
pfn_section_valid()
[Access ms->usage which
is NULL]
NOTE: From the above it can be said that the race is reduced to between
the pfn_valid()/pfn_section_valid() and the section deactivate with
SPASEMEM_VMEMAP enabled.
The commit b943f045a9af("mm/sparse: fix kernel crash with
pfn_section_valid check") tried to address the same problem by clearing
the SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP with the expectation of valid_section() returns
false thus ms->usage is not accessed.
Fix this issue by the below steps:
a) Clear SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP before freeing the ->usage.
b) RCU protected read side critical section will either return NULL
when SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP is cleared or can successfully access ->usage.
c) Free the ->usage with kfree_rcu() and set ms->usage = NULL. No
attempt will be made to access ->usage after this as the
SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP is cleared thus valid_section() return false.
Thanks to David/Pavan for their inputs on this patch.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/994410bb-89aa-d987-1f50-f514903c55aa@quicinc.com/
On Snapdragon SoC, with the mentioned memory configuration of PFN's as
[ZONE_NORMAL ZONE_DEVICE ZONE_NORMAL], we are able to see bunch of
issues daily while testing on a device farm.
For this particular issue below is the log. Though the below log is
not directly pointing to the pfn_section_valid(){ ms->usage;}, when we
loaded this dump on T32 lauterbach tool, it is pointing.
[ 540.578056] Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at
virtual address 0000000000000000
[ 540.578068] Mem abort info:
[ 540.578070] ESR = 0x0000000096000005
[ 540.578073] EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
[ 540.578077] SET = 0, FnV = 0
[ 540.578080] EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
[ 540.578082] FSC = 0x05: level 1 translation fault
[ 540.578085] Data abort info:
[ 540.578086] ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000005
[ 540.578088] CM = 0, WnR = 0
[ 540.579431] pstate: 82400005 (Nzcv daif +PAN -UAO +TCO -DIT -SSBSBTYPE=--)
[ 540.579436] pc : __pageblock_pfn_to_page+0x6c/0x14c
[ 540.579454] lr : compact_zone+0x994/0x1058
[ 540.579460] sp : ffffffc03579b510
[ 540.579463] x29: ffffffc03579b510 x28: 0000000000235800 x27:000000000000000c
[ 540.579470] x26: 0000000000235c00 x25: 0000000000000068 x24:ffffffc03579b640
[ 540.579477] x23: 0000000000000001 x22: ffffffc03579b660 x21:0000000000000000
[ 540.579483] x20: 0000000000235bff x19: ffffffdebf7e3940 x18:ffffffdebf66d140
[ 540.579489] x17: 00000000739ba063 x16: 00000000739ba063 x15:00000000009f4bff
[ 540.579495] x14: 0000008000000000 x13: 0000000000000000 x12:0000000000000001
[ 540.579501] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000000 x9 :ffffff897d2cd440
[ 540.579507] x8 : 0000000000000000 x7 : 0000000000000000 x6 :ffffffc03579b5b4
[ 540.579512] x5 : 0000000000027f25 x4 : ffffffc03579b5b8 x3 :0000000000000
---truncated--- |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
perf/x86/intel/uncore: Fix NULL pointer dereference issue in upi_fill_topology()
Get logical socket id instead of physical id in discover_upi_topology()
to avoid out-of-bound access on 'upi = &type->topology[nid][idx];' line
that leads to NULL pointer dereference in upi_fill_topology() |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
gfs2: Fix kernel NULL pointer dereference in gfs2_rgrp_dump
Syzkaller has reported a NULL pointer dereference when accessing
rgd->rd_rgl in gfs2_rgrp_dump(). This can happen when creating
rgd->rd_gl fails in read_rindex_entry(). Add a NULL pointer check in
gfs2_rgrp_dump() to prevent that. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: hns3: fix use-after-free bug in hclgevf_send_mbx_msg
Currently, the hns3_remove function firstly uninstall client instance,
and then uninstall acceletion engine device. The netdevice is freed in
client instance uninstall process, but acceletion engine device uninstall
process still use it to trace runtime information. This causes a use after
free problem.
So fixes it by check the instance register state to avoid use after free. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
mlxsw: spectrum: Protect driver from buggy firmware
When processing port up/down events generated by the device's firmware,
the driver protects itself from events reported for non-existent local
ports, but not the CPU port (local port 0), which exists, but lacks a
netdev.
This can result in a NULL pointer dereference when calling
netif_carrier_{on,off}().
Fix this by bailing early when processing an event reported for the CPU
port. Problem was only observed when running on top of a buggy emulator. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
can: j1939: j1939_netdev_start(): fix UAF for rx_kref of j1939_priv
It will trigger UAF for rx_kref of j1939_priv as following.
cpu0 cpu1
j1939_sk_bind(socket0, ndev0, ...)
j1939_netdev_start
j1939_sk_bind(socket1, ndev0, ...)
j1939_netdev_start
j1939_priv_set
j1939_priv_get_by_ndev_locked
j1939_jsk_add
.....
j1939_netdev_stop
kref_put_lock(&priv->rx_kref, ...)
kref_get(&priv->rx_kref, ...)
REFCOUNT_WARN("addition on 0;...")
====================================================
refcount_t: addition on 0; use-after-free.
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 20874 at lib/refcount.c:25 refcount_warn_saturate+0x169/0x1e0
RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x169/0x1e0
Call Trace:
j1939_netdev_start+0x68b/0x920
j1939_sk_bind+0x426/0xeb0
? security_socket_bind+0x83/0xb0
The rx_kref's kref_get() and kref_put() should use j1939_netdev_lock to
protect. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: qcom/emac: fix UAF in emac_remove
adpt is netdev private data and it cannot be
used after free_netdev() call. Using adpt after free_netdev()
can cause UAF bug. Fix it by moving free_netdev() at the end of the
function. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: ti: fix UAF in tlan_remove_one
priv is netdev private data and it cannot be
used after free_netdev() call. Using priv after free_netdev()
can cause UAF bug. Fix it by moving free_netdev() at the end of the
function. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
asix: fix uninit-value in asix_mdio_read()
asix_read_cmd() may read less than sizeof(smsr) bytes and in this case
smsr will be uninitialized.
Fail log:
BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in asix_check_host_enable drivers/net/usb/asix_common.c:82 [inline]
BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in asix_check_host_enable drivers/net/usb/asix_common.c:82 [inline] drivers/net/usb/asix_common.c:497
BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in asix_mdio_read+0x3c1/0xb00 drivers/net/usb/asix_common.c:497 drivers/net/usb/asix_common.c:497
asix_check_host_enable drivers/net/usb/asix_common.c:82 [inline]
asix_check_host_enable drivers/net/usb/asix_common.c:82 [inline] drivers/net/usb/asix_common.c:497
asix_mdio_read+0x3c1/0xb00 drivers/net/usb/asix_common.c:497 drivers/net/usb/asix_common.c:497 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
veth: ensure skb entering GRO are not cloned.
After commit d3256efd8e8b ("veth: allow enabling NAPI even without XDP"),
if GRO is enabled on a veth device and TSO is disabled on the peer
device, TCP skbs will go through the NAPI callback. If there is no XDP
program attached, the veth code does not perform any share check, and
shared/cloned skbs could enter the GRO engine.
Ignat reported a BUG triggered later-on due to the above condition:
[ 53.970529][ C1] kernel BUG at net/core/skbuff.c:3574!
[ 53.981755][ C1] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN PTI
[ 53.982634][ C1] CPU: 1 PID: 19 Comm: ksoftirqd/1 Not tainted 5.16.0-rc5+ #25
[ 53.982634][ C1] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 0.0.0 02/06/2015
[ 53.982634][ C1] RIP: 0010:skb_shift+0x13ef/0x23b0
[ 53.982634][ C1] Code: ea 03 0f b6 04 02 48 89 fa 83 e2 07 38 d0
7f 08 84 c0 0f 85 41 0c 00 00 41 80 7f 02 00 4d 8d b5 d0 00 00 00 0f
85 74 f5 ff ff <0f> 0b 4d 8d 77 20 be 04 00 00 00 4c 89 44 24 78 4c 89
f7 4c 89 8c
[ 53.982634][ C1] RSP: 0018:ffff8881008f7008 EFLAGS: 00010246
[ 53.982634][ C1] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff8881180b4c80 RCX: 0000000000000000
[ 53.982634][ C1] RDX: 0000000000000002 RSI: ffff8881180b4d3c RDI: ffff88810bc9cac2
[ 53.982634][ C1] RBP: ffff8881008f70b8 R08: ffff8881180b4cf4 R09: ffff8881180b4cf0
[ 53.982634][ C1] R10: ffffed1022999e5c R11: 0000000000000002 R12: 0000000000000590
[ 53.982634][ C1] R13: ffff88810f940c80 R14: ffff88810f940d50 R15: ffff88810bc9cac0
[ 53.982634][ C1] FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff888235880000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[ 53.982634][ C1] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[ 53.982634][ C1] CR2: 00007ff5f9b86680 CR3: 0000000108ce8004 CR4: 0000000000170ee0
[ 53.982634][ C1] Call Trace:
[ 53.982634][ C1] <TASK>
[ 53.982634][ C1] tcp_sacktag_walk+0xaba/0x18e0
[ 53.982634][ C1] tcp_sacktag_write_queue+0xe7b/0x3460
[ 53.982634][ C1] tcp_ack+0x2666/0x54b0
[ 53.982634][ C1] tcp_rcv_established+0x4d9/0x20f0
[ 53.982634][ C1] tcp_v4_do_rcv+0x551/0x810
[ 53.982634][ C1] tcp_v4_rcv+0x22ed/0x2ed0
[ 53.982634][ C1] ip_protocol_deliver_rcu+0x96/0xaf0
[ 53.982634][ C1] ip_local_deliver_finish+0x1e0/0x2f0
[ 53.982634][ C1] ip_sublist_rcv_finish+0x211/0x440
[ 53.982634][ C1] ip_list_rcv_finish.constprop.0+0x424/0x660
[ 53.982634][ C1] ip_list_rcv+0x2c8/0x410
[ 53.982634][ C1] __netif_receive_skb_list_core+0x65c/0x910
[ 53.982634][ C1] netif_receive_skb_list_internal+0x5f9/0xcb0
[ 53.982634][ C1] napi_complete_done+0x188/0x6e0
[ 53.982634][ C1] gro_cell_poll+0x10c/0x1d0
[ 53.982634][ C1] __napi_poll+0xa1/0x530
[ 53.982634][ C1] net_rx_action+0x567/0x1270
[ 53.982634][ C1] __do_softirq+0x28a/0x9ba
[ 53.982634][ C1] run_ksoftirqd+0x32/0x60
[ 53.982634][ C1] smpboot_thread_fn+0x559/0x8c0
[ 53.982634][ C1] kthread+0x3b9/0x490
[ 53.982634][ C1] ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
[ 53.982634][ C1] </TASK>
Address the issue by skipping the GRO stage for shared or cloned skbs.
To reduce the chance of OoO, try to unclone the skbs before giving up.
v1 -> v2:
- use avoid skb_copy and fallback to netif_receive_skb - Eric |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ipc/mqueue, msg, sem: avoid relying on a stack reference past its expiry
do_mq_timedreceive calls wq_sleep with a stack local address. The
sender (do_mq_timedsend) uses this address to later call pipelined_send.
This leads to a very hard to trigger race where a do_mq_timedreceive
call might return and leave do_mq_timedsend to rely on an invalid
address, causing the following crash:
RIP: 0010:wake_q_add_safe+0x13/0x60
Call Trace:
__x64_sys_mq_timedsend+0x2a9/0x490
do_syscall_64+0x80/0x680
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9
RIP: 0033:0x7f5928e40343
The race occurs as:
1. do_mq_timedreceive calls wq_sleep with the address of `struct
ext_wait_queue` on function stack (aliased as `ewq_addr` here) - it
holds a valid `struct ext_wait_queue *` as long as the stack has not
been overwritten.
2. `ewq_addr` gets added to info->e_wait_q[RECV].list in wq_add, and
do_mq_timedsend receives it via wq_get_first_waiter(info, RECV) to call
__pipelined_op.
3. Sender calls __pipelined_op::smp_store_release(&this->state,
STATE_READY). Here is where the race window begins. (`this` is
`ewq_addr`.)
4. If the receiver wakes up now in do_mq_timedreceive::wq_sleep, it
will see `state == STATE_READY` and break.
5. do_mq_timedreceive returns, and `ewq_addr` is no longer guaranteed
to be a `struct ext_wait_queue *` since it was on do_mq_timedreceive's
stack. (Although the address may not get overwritten until another
function happens to touch it, which means it can persist around for an
indefinite time.)
6. do_mq_timedsend::__pipelined_op() still believes `ewq_addr` is a
`struct ext_wait_queue *`, and uses it to find a task_struct to pass to
the wake_q_add_safe call. In the lucky case where nothing has
overwritten `ewq_addr` yet, `ewq_addr->task` is the right task_struct.
In the unlucky case, __pipelined_op::wake_q_add_safe gets handed a
bogus address as the receiver's task_struct causing the crash.
do_mq_timedsend::__pipelined_op() should not dereference `this` after
setting STATE_READY, as the receiver counterpart is now free to return.
Change __pipelined_op to call wake_q_add_safe on the receiver's
task_struct returned by get_task_struct, instead of dereferencing `this`
which sits on the receiver's stack.
As Manfred pointed out, the race potentially also exists in
ipc/msg.c::expunge_all and ipc/sem.c::wake_up_sem_queue_prepare. Fix
those in the same way. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net:emac/emac-mac: Fix a use after free in emac_mac_tx_buf_send
In emac_mac_tx_buf_send, it calls emac_tx_fill_tpd(..,skb,..).
If some error happens in emac_tx_fill_tpd(), the skb will be freed via
dev_kfree_skb(skb) in error branch of emac_tx_fill_tpd().
But the freed skb is still used via skb->len by netdev_sent_queue(,skb->len).
As i observed that emac_tx_fill_tpd() haven't modified the value of skb->len,
thus my patch assigns skb->len to 'len' before the possible free and
use 'len' instead of skb->len later. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
i2c: Fix a potential use after free
Free the adap structure only after we are done using it.
This patch just moves the put_device() down a bit to avoid the
use after free.
[wsa: added comment to the code, added Fixes tag] |
| .NET Denial of Service Vulnerability |
| In libpixman in Pixman before 0.42.2, there is an out-of-bounds write (aka heap-based buffer overflow) in rasterize_edges_8 due to an integer overflow in pixman_sample_floor_y. |
| A buffer overflow was discovered in NTFS-3G before 2022.10.3. Crafted metadata in an NTFS image can cause code execution. A local attacker can exploit this if the ntfs-3g binary is setuid root. A physically proximate attacker can exploit this if NTFS-3G software is configured to execute upon attachment of an external storage device. |
